Chapter 2.1 review Please bring dice on Wednesday, in a bag with your name inside. 7 steps of the scientific method Observation – notice with your senses, why are we interested in the topic? Hypothesis – prediction that can be tested by experimentation Experiment – procedure used to test a hypothesis, steps taken Results – experimental observations Data – information gathered during an experimtent Analysis -- Conclusions – what you learned fro the experiment. Was your hypothesis accepted or rejected? Repeat Report – to share your results with others. Lab report or presentation. Habits of a scientific mind:\ Imagination – ability to conceive of new ideas, creativity Curiosity – wonder about things, how things work Skepticism – do not believe everything you are told Openness to new ideas Control group – the group that does not receive the treatment Experimental group – the group that has the variable Variable – the factor of interest in an experiment Correlations – scientists use this to test predictions when it is impossible or unethical to test directly Ideas for experiment Coin flipping Rolling dice – craps, gambling, set up so house wins With 2 (6 sided) dice, what is the chance of rolling a 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,or 12 Observations – describe the dice, is there an equal chance of landing on any side? Hypothesis – pick a number between 1 and 13 and using logic, make a prediction about what percentage of the time you will get a sum of that number when you roll your two dice. How many ways can you role your sum. Experiment – design an experimental plan, write your plans in numbered steps. How will you record your results? Execute the experiment (do the experiment) Record your results and any relevant observations. Analysis – what does your data mean? Explain any calculations you make. Conclusions – What was the measured percentage that you actually came up with? Is this different than your hypothesis? Is it close to your hypothesis or not? Based on the results, do you accept or reject your hyothesis? Repeat – could anything be gained by repeating the experiment? Would you do anything differently? Are there any modifications or related experiments that you can think of that would be interesting? Report – write a lab report. This should contain 6 sections corresponding to each of the above parts of the scientific method. Each section should be in paragraph format with complete sentences. The one exception to this rule is the experimental section which can have the steps listed in order. |
Monday, September 8, 2008
2.1 review
metric
The Metric System The metric system is based on the number 10. There are, for example, 10 millimeters per centimeter. There are 1000 (10 times 10 times 10) meters per kilometer. (The prefix kilo- means one thousand times - so a kilometer is one thousand times the length of a meter.) There are one thousand milliliters in a liter. (The prefix milli- means "one thousandth of " - so one milliliter would be one one-thousandth of a liter.) In chemistry, physics - in fact, all the sciences, the metric system is used. The basic advantage to the metric system is that it is so easy to go from one unit to another. You just multiply or divide by 10. Basic unit for measuring length is the meter. The symbol is m. Basic unit for measuring volume is the liter. The symbol is v. Basic unit for measuring mass is the gram. The symbol is g. 1000 100 10 unit 1/10 1/100 1/1000 Kilo hecto deca deci centi milli k c m big medium small There are 1000 grams in a kilogram. 1,000g = 1 kg There are 1000 meters in a kilometer. 1,000m = 1km There are 1000 millimeters in a meter. 1,000mm = 1 m There are 1000 milliliters in liter. 1,000ml = 1 l Kilo- means 1000. The symbol is k. So the symbol for one kilogram is kg. Milli- means 1/1000 or one one-thousandth. The symbol is m. Centi- means 1/100th. The symbol is c. The symbol for centimeter is cm. There are 10 millimeters in one centimeter. 10mm = 1 cm 1kg = 1000g 1/1000kg = 1g 1g = 100cg = 1000mg Questions: 1. What is the symbol for millimeter? How many meters is this? 2. What is the symbol for kilogram? How many grams is this? 3. What is the symbol for a centiliter? How many liters is this? 4. How many millimeters in a meter? 5. How many millimeters in a centimeter? 6. How many centiliters in liter? 7. How many meters in a kilometer? 8. How many millimeters in a kilometer? 9. How many milliliters are there in one (1) liter? 10. Milli- means what? 11. Is a millimeter more or less than a meter? How do you know? By how much? 12. Is a kilogram more or less than a meter? How do you know? 13. If 200 milligrams is 200 one-thousandths of a gram, what would 900 milligrams be? 14. How many milligrams are in 1 gram? In two grams? In 5 grams? In 1000 grams? 15. How many milligrams in one kilogram? 16. 2,000mm = _______m 17. How many mm are there in one meter? 18. How many milliliters are there per liter? 19. How many milligrams are there per gram? 20. What do the following stand for? (a) milli-_____________ (b) centi-____________ (c) g _______________ (d) kilo-_____________ (e) mg______________ (f) cm_______________ (g) mm______________ For scale reference, just so you know: Your fingernail is about one millimeter thick and one centimeter wide. Your hand is about 10 centimeters wide or one decimeter. When you walk, one stride is almost one meter. It is also about a meter from your fingertips to you opposite shoulder. Most people drink about 2-3 liters per day. A liter of water weighs one kilogram. One milliliter of water weighs one gram. Our gram crackers weighed about 3.8 grams. Most of us weigh between 40 and 100 kilograms. A grain of rice could be measured in milligrams. |
1st lab report Rolling Dice Lab Assigned Thursday, 09-04-08, due Monday, 09-07-08 Rolling dice – craps, gambling, set up so house wins With 2 (6 sided) dice, what is the chance of rolling a 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,or 12? The goal of this lab is to answer this question. To simplify matters each student will only do the calculations for one of the above numbers (assigned by the instructor). 1. Observations Why were we interested in the topic? 10pts – describe the dice. What shape is it? How many sides? Do the sides look different? Is there an equal chance of landing on any side? You could discuss craps gambling and chance of winning here. 2. Hypothesis This should be a statement that can be tested by experimentation. 10pts – for your number between 1 and 13, using logic, make a prediction about what percentage of the time you will get a sum of that number when you roll your two dice. How many ways can you role your sum. Explain the logic you used to come up with your hypothesis. 3. Experiment: How was the experiment conducted? Procedure, steps of experiment. 40pts Results:Data and experimental observations: 10pts – Design an experimental plan, write your plans in numbered steps. Include how many times you will roll the dice. (This should be at least 50 times and no more than 200 unless you plan on finishing the lab at home.) How will you record your results? Design a table with 12 columns numbered 1-12. – Execute the experiment (do the experiment) Record your results and any relevant observations. 4. Analysis: This should include any charts or graphs of the data and interpretations of the graphs. 10pts – What does your data mean? What percentage of the time were you actually roll your number? Explain any calculations you make. 5. Conclusions: Was your hypothesis supported by the data or not? 10pts – What was the measured percentage that you actually came up with? Is this different than your hypothesis? Is it close to your hypothesis or not? Based on the results, do you accept or reject your hyothesis? 6. Repeat – could anything be gained by repeating the experiment? Would you do anything differently? Are there any modifications or related experiments that you can think of that would be interesting? 10pts 7. Report – write a lab report. This should contain 6 sections corresponding to each of the above parts of the scientific method. Each section should be in paragraph format with complete sentences. The one exception to this rule is the experimental section which can have the steps listed in order. |
Wednesday, August 27, 2008
chapter 1 exam review, exam on Friday the 29th
Environmental Science, Chapter 1 study guide If you know the following vocabulary words and can answer the following questions you should be well prepared for the exam on Friday (8-29-08). Vocabulary: Be able to define and give examples of the following terms. Environmental Science Ecology Pollution Extinction Closed system Renewable resource Non-renewable resource Biodiversity Nonbiodegradable pollutant Sustainability Developed countries Developing countries "The Tragedy of the Commons" Law of supply and demand Agriculture Natural resource Spaceship earth Be familiar with the different fields of environmental science. How was the environment affected by: Hunter-gatherer societies The agricultural revolution The industrial revolution What human activities contribute to the extinction of animals? |
outline 1.2
Chapter 1, section 2, outline How human societies act play a role in how we will create/solve environmental problems. "The Tragedy of the Commons" – essay by Garrett Hardin Said difficult to solve environmental problems because trying to balance the short term interests of individuals with long term interests of society Greed "If I do not use it someone else will" Common can be any shared resource – lake, atmosphere, field, earth with a common resource a few can spoil resource for all so everyone must respect the common. Hardin argued that the short term interests of a few would mess up the common If we divided it up into individual parcels so that everyone had their own supply of the resource then they could not mess up all of the resource for everyone and they would feel/see the affect of their actions. Earths natural resources are our modern commons but it is often impossible to divide them into individual portions so we have to educate or otherwise change peoples behavior and use of resources. Economics and the Environment Economic forces influence how we use resources Law of supply and Demand – the greater the demand for something of limited supply the more it is worth. (If more people want it, it will cost more) If supply goes up without demand the cost will drop Cost-benefit analysis – balances the cost of an action against the projected benefits Depends on who is doing the analysis – short term monetary interests of company versus long term interests of society and the environment Risk assessment – part of cost-benefit analysis, this tries to figure the chance that something bad will happen. Developed and Developing countries – Developed countries – higher incomes, slower population growth, diverse industrial economies, and stronger social support networks US, Developing countries – lower incomes, simple and agricultural based economies, rapid population growth Most African, Asian, and S. American countries Population and Consumption Most Environmental problems traced to two main causes 1. population rowing to fast for resources available 2. people using up, wasting , polluting resources faster than they can be renewed, replaced, or cleaned up. Local population pressures Consumption trends – people in developed countries (20%) use many more resources (75%) Ecological footprint – the productive area of earth needed to support one person in a particular country a way of measuring the amount of resources a person uses amount of resources needed to support a person Environmental Science in context Solving problems are complex, involving individuals rights as well as societies Arguments are often emotional and information can be misleading Need to listen to many viewpoints and investigate the source of the information Sustainability – condition in which human needs can be met in a way that the human population can survive forever We are not currently living sustainably but it should be a goal of our societies |
quiz 1.1 answers in complete sentences
Environmental Science Answers to quiz 1.1, in complete sentences.
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Env Sci outline 1.1
Chapter 1, section 1, outline Assigned 8-14-08 due Monday 8-18-08 Outlining is an important skill to develop. The goal is to pick out the information that is most important and leave behind the fluff so that your final result is a condensed version of the original. The process of outlining is an important skill and the resulting outline is a good tool and study guide. When we have quizzes, they will often be open note so if you have a good outline the quizzes should be a breeze. Directions: Outline chapter 1, section 1 (pages 5-8). First read the objectives and key terms (page 5). At a minimum, these should be explained in your outline. The outline should be a brief summary of the chapter. Read one paragraph at a time and then sum it up it a phrase or two. It is not necessary for the outline to be in complete sentences. A finished outline will probably be 1-2 pages if hand written or less than 1 page if typed. After you finish your outline, re-read the objectives to see if your outline meets those objectives. Then read the section review and see if you can answer those questions in your head. You do not have to answer the on paper but you should be prepared to answer them if you see them on a quiz or a test. An example of an outline of the first paragraph might be as follows: Environment – everything around us, natural or man made, living and non-living, more than what we can see, made of complex relationship with all around us. The outline of the second paragraph should contain a definition of environmental science but does not have to contain the details about |